![]() The CFT is the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) prescribed serodiagnostic method for international trade purposes and is also recommended for surveillance investigations. Ĭurrently, mallein (allergic hypersensitivity test) and complement fixation test (CFT) are used for indirect diagnosis. As approximately 90% of early infections occur in a non-clinical or latent form, clinical and bacteriological diagnosis are difficult. mallei from cutaneous lesions and nasal exudates are considered to be the “gold” (perfect reference) standard for diagnosis of glanders. Therefore, trade restrictions with animals and products from endemic regions or outbreak areas are mandatory.īacterial isolation and identification of B. The disease is mainly chronic in horses and latently-infected animals pose a high risk of reintroduction of the infection into glanders-free countries. Although the disease has been eradicated in most European and North American countries in the last century, there are still outbreaks throughout the South American and Asian continents. ![]() Glanders is an infectious zoonotic disease of equids, caused by the gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia ( B.) mallei. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was primarily funded by the International Horse Sports Confederation and World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) (Tender Ref.: AD/SR/2015/1885), grant to MCE, HS, KL, SM, IK, PM. Received: JanuAccepted: MaPublished: April 5, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Elschner et al. PLoS ONE 14(4):Įditor: Axel Cloeckaert, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, FRANCE (2019) Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western blot and five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of glanders. Given their comparable sensitivities and specificities, the CFT (98.0%, 96.4%), the WB (96.8%, 99.4%), the Hcp1-ELISA (95.3%, 99.6%) and the IDVet-ELISA (92.5%, 99.5%) should be further developed to meet OIE requirements.Ĭitation: Elschner MC, Laroucau K, Singha H, Tripathi BN, Saqib M, Gardner I, et al. ELISAs based on TssA, TssB, and BimA antigens had significantly lower sensitivity compared to CFT while the sensitivities of the Hcp1-ELISA, the IDVet-ELISA and the WB did not differ significantly from that of the CFT. The WB and all ELISAs, except BimA, were significantly more specific than the CFT. Sensitivity and specificity of tests were estimated using cut-off values recommended by the test developers. mallei and WB makes use of a purified LPS-containing B. Four ELISA tests are based on recombinant antigens (TssA, TssB, BimA and Hcp1), the IDVet ELISA is based on a semi-purified fraction of B. The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), five ELISAs and a Western blot (WB) were compared for serodiagnosis of glanders using sera from 3,000 glanders-free and 254 glanderous equids. ![]() Serodiagnosis of the disease is challenging because of false-positive and false-negative test results. The higher quantitative accordance (96%) of both tests was obtained studying IgG serologic response.Ī positive ELISA IgM result very likely represents a false-positive result and should always be confirmed by WB assay and objective clinical signs of borreliosis before implementing the appropriate antimicrobial therapy.Glanders is a zoonotic contagious disease of equids caused by Burkholderia (B.) mallei. The quantitative accordance of both ELISA IgM-WB IgM tests was 50%. In WB confirmation test, the positive results were obtained in 10 children (41,7%), equivocal results-in 22 (8.3%) and negative in 12 (50%) children. Positive ELISA IgM results were confirmed in 20 out of 24 children (83,3%). The ELISA (Bellco Biomedica, Austria)-Western blot (DRG, Diagnostics, Germany) two test protocol using sera of Lyme borreliosis patients was evaluated. All Lyme patients with positive or equivocal ELISA IgM and or ELISA IgG test results were included in the study. ![]() Verification of Lyme disease serodiagnosis in children by use of Western blot (WB) testing.Ģ4 children (8 males, 16 females) at the average age of 15,5y have been diagnosed from January 1st till December 31, 2007. ![]()
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